ANALYSIS ON THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE REGARDING IMMUNIZATION OF UNDER-FIVE CHILDREN AMONG MOTHERS ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC (ANC) AT MADONNA UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL IN ELELE, RIVERS STATE
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The global burden constituted by vaccine preventable disease is immense. Worldwide about 2.5 million children die every year from vaccine preventable infectious disease mainly in Africa and Asia among children less than 5 years old. In the year 2000, measles alone resulted in 777,000 deaths and 2 million disabilities7-8. Financial commitment towards immunization would amount to an estimate of 3 billion dollars per year in the next 10years with UNICEF investing 56% of its health funds7.
According to WHO 1.5 million children under the age of 5 died from vaccine preventable diseases in 2008 reported globally9. Every year more than 10 million children in low and middle income countries die before they reach their fifth birthdays. Most die because they do not access effective interventions that would combat common and preventable childhood illnesses10. Vaccine preventable diseases remain the most common cause of childhood mortality with an estimated three million deaths each year11.
Four countries in the world were reported to have endemic poliomyelitis with Nigeria being one of them. Others include India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Presently Polio remains endemic in only two countries- Pakistan and Afghanistan. The deaths and disabilities resulting from this vaccine preventable disease is quite high is these countries12.
Vaccine preventable diseases remain one of the major causes of illnesses and deaths among children in Nigeria and this country is one of the few remaining countries in the world where polio is still endemic. The WHO Global Polio Eradication initiative 2005 Annual Report cited uncontrolled transmission of poliovirus in northern Nigeria and identified the states of Bauchi, Kaduna, Jigawa, Kano and Kastina as the greatest threat to the global eradication of Polio. Nigeria accounts for half of the deaths from Measles in Africa, the highest prevalence of circulating wild poliovirus in the world and the country is among the ten countries in the world with vaccine coverage rates below 50 percent, having been persistently below 40 percent since 199713. In Nigeria, one child in five dies before its fifth birthday and vaccine preventable disease account for 22 percent of deaths14.
Immunization coverage in Nigeria as well as other developing countries is low. As part of the Child Survival Programme, the EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization) was created in 1974 by WHO and UNICEF and the Rotary International as partners. Since it’s launching over sixty countries have adopted the programme and others are being constantly added to the list. All of whom are laying emphasis on EPI as a building block for Primary Health Care. Its aim is assisting all nations to carry out immunization of their 0-2 year child population against vaccine preventable communicable and dangerous diseases of childhood. The attempt by the Nigerian government to make the program come alive by renaming it as NPI has been met with certain challenges due to lack of community participation, lack of motivation by mother and vaccine availability.15
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